The clark y is an airfoil widely used in aircraft wing design. I have no real knowledge about airfoils but after a bit of researching on the net, i decided upon either the clarky or naca 2412. In a strict sense, an airfoil is the geometry of a wing profile. Media in category diagrams of airfoil geometry the following 7 files are in this category, out of 7 total.
This paper traces the life and times of colonel virginius evans clark and his most. He designed the clark y in has been used in a huge number of commercial, military, and amateur built aircraft since its inception. The same result can be also met for a smoothed clarky airfoil. It is pretty easy to call a flat bottomed airfoil with a rounded nose a clark y. Pressure distribution over a clark yh airfoil section with a. Nov 15, 2012 naca airfoil, klinefogleman airfoil, clark y. Airfoil technology the historical evolution of airfoil sections, 19081944. History of airfoils bernoulli s principle and sailing. Theres an airfoil called the momfoil which is 16 percent thick, as opposed to the clark y s 11.
The clark y flat bottom airfoil which is configurable through the solidworks equations manager. The latter sections deal with simple results that relate the airfoil geometry to its basic aerodynamic characteristics. Appendix b contains the contours of the nrel s809 and clark y airfoils in the sample applications in this study of the aerodas lift and drag models. This report presents the results of a series of wind tunnel tests showing the force, moment, and autorotational characteristics of clark y airfoils having aspect ratios varying from 0. Thus, when air passes over an airfoil, that flow over the top is squeezed into a smaller area than that airflow passing the lower surface. We might do more tests along these lines, particularly with the new s8025 tail airfoil. Airfoil design outline of this chapter the chapter is divided into several sections. Airfoil details send to airfoil plotter add to comparison lednicer format dat file selig format dat file source dat file. Aerodynamic data banks for clark y, naca 4digit, and naca 16series airfoil families. Subsonic airfoil design historical background from its very beginning, the national advisory committee for aeronautics naca recognized the importance of airfoils as a cornerstone of aeronautical research and development. The dat file data can either be loaded from the airfoil databaseor your own airfoils which can be entered hereand they will appear in the list of airfoils in the form below.
Basic wing and airfoil theory dover books on aeronautical. The flat bottom simplifies angle measurements on propellers, and makes for easy. Dec 26, 2011 fastest rc turbine model jet in action 727kmh 451mph flight training world record training part 2 duration. The reason airfoil designs change constantly is because of the fact that the goals of the airfoils are constantly changing airfoil designs are being changed, mostly, to account for the specific challenges current airfoils face like. With careful investigation, anyone can discover the future. May 29, 20 visual separation of a 3dimensional airfoil. Airfoil selection an overview sciencedirect topics. Eventually, they discovered that a long, narrow wing performed better than the short, square wing they used in the 1901 aircraft. History of airfoils bernoullis principle and sailing. Wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tails surfaces, and propellers are all examples of airfoils. Airfoil motion drag force, d relative airspeed, vr resultant force, fr axial force, f x tangential force, fy chord angle. A detailed technical history of the development of airfoil theory, a central achievement of. Clark y is the name of a particular airfoil profile, widely used in general purpose aircraft designs, and much studied in aerodynamics over the years. Uiuc airfoil coordinates database university of illinois.
The objects pictured above are part of the franklin institute s protected collection of objects. Im currently designing an airliner build in solidworks bugger, my secret project is no longer secret and ive come to the point of creating the wings. It just has so much going for it, like a beautiful blonde. Clark y airfoil configurable 3d cad model library grabcad. He was no one his book elements of aviation ed in 1928 is a scholarly treatise on aviation as it was known at that time. Plot and print the shape of an airfoil aerofoil for your specific chord width and transformation.
Abufletcher describes that it is easy to build, its also easy to draw. Aerodynamic data banks for clarky, naca 4digit, and naca. Sadly, we didnt have time to finish the project before i graduated. The articles are reproduced here as they appeared in the magazine with the exception of minor corrections and reformatting. We want to test 23 reflexed airfoils, but we are not sure of which ones to test. Look again at the clark y and notice that an airfoil is a curved shape. By the kutta condition, the vorticity is zero at the trailing edge. When i do the math for that wing area, a gross weight of 936 lbs, and a stall speed of 38 mph, i get a coefficient of lift of of about 1. Piccirillo, albert, the clark y airfoil a historical retrospective, saeaiaa paper. A series of tests has also been made to develop a tied slot for the same airfoil giving a reasonably high maximum lift coe5cient with the lowcd.
Tests were also made on one airfoil of circular plan form and two airfoils of elliptical plan form. When an airfoil is moved through the air, it is capable of producing lift. A2 applied computational aerodynamics 102397 primary evolution of the naca airfoils naca report authors date 1. Stalled and unstalled airfoils in wind turbines and wind tunnels nasacr2008215434 october 2008 an errata was added to this document, july 2012. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. An airfoil produces a lifting force that acts at right angles to the airstream and a dragging force that acts in the same direction as the airstream. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Im guessing airfoils existed before they were used as airplane wings. Also, airfoils specifically designed for wind turbines can be found in work of, for example, tangler and somers, 23 timmer and van rooij, 24 bjorck, 25 fuglsang and bak, 26 and bak et al. An airfoil of rectangular plan form was tested with rectangular tips, flared tips, and semicircular tips.
The wright brothers had done some of the earliest research on the most effective curvature, or camber, of a wing, known as an airfoil. Wenzinger, carl j, windtunnel tests of a clark y wing having split flaps with gaps, naca tn650, may 1938. Discover delightful childrens books with prime book box, a subscription that. It was originally devised around 50 years ago for paper airplanes. Naca 4412 airfoil 4 digit code used to describe airfoil shapes 1st digit maximum camber in percent chord 2nd digit location of maximum camber along chord line from leading edge in tenths of chord 3rd and 4th digits maximum thickness in percent chord naca 4412 with a chord of 6 max camber. A maximum change in maximum section lift coefficient to be expected is. A biographical roster of the fiftyone members and a composite diary of their activities from all known sources. Including a summary of airfoil data dover books on aeronautical engineering ira h. I am validating airfoils against experimental solutions. You can insert this and crop it into a msword doc and size it by click on the picture and then pulling a corner to where the size is as big or as small as you. Characteristics of clark y airfoils of small aspect ratios. An airfoil is a device which gets a useful reaction from air moving over its surface. Hartman, edwin p and biermann, david, the aerodynamic characteristics of fullscale propellers having 2, 3, and 4 blades of clark y and r.
Strangely, this theory of lift was well documented by v. The airfoil is analyzed for the reynolds number of 6, 090,000 with the clark y type airfoil of uniform velocity of 35. Included below are coordinates for nearly 1,600 airfoils version 2. The most used airfoil beginning in the 1920s is the flat bottomed airfoil named the clark y and no modern trainer would be caught without this airfoil. Airfoil selection book, ebook, barnaby wainfan, isbn. Pic 2 the clark y chord is lower and parallel to the 2412 chord. American institute of aeronautics and astronautics 12700 sunrise valley drive, suite 200 reston, va 201915807 703.
Consolidated pt1 to fleet fawn all intermediate designs used the same section curtiss p6 hawk most of the curtiss hawks used the same section heath parasol. The historical evolution of airfoil sections, 19081944. Im looking at the aeronca c3 collegian, which had a clark y airfoil, and im finding the following. I have used the clark y airfoil for all my model airplane designs, from. A simple method for determining the aerodynamic center of. Clark y is the name of a particular airfoil profile, widely used in general purpose aircraft designs.
My final choice was back to a flat wing, because i was worried about the asymmetrical drag on an airfoil during the ascent phase. I have employed the clark y for all my model plane designs. The airfoil has a flat bottom shape that makes for easy building directly on your construction board. This report presents the results of wind tunnel tests conducted to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of the clark y airfoil over a large range of reynolds numbers. Airfoil, shaped surface, such as an airplane wing, tail, or propeller blade, that produces lift and drag when moved through the air. Airfoil plotter clarky il clark y airfoil clark y airfoil. This category is for wing crosssections and airfoils alt. Gathering 35 wood sectionscut using cnc machine to manufacture an airfoil by eng. Surveys of finite and monoplane wings are succeeded by a consideration of the field about the wing, the spanwise load distribution for arbitrary wings, and assorted.
Clark y is the name of an airfoil that is widely used in aircraft design. With its predictable and gentle stall characteristics and flat bottom outline, the clark y airfoil is an ideal choice for sport rc model aircraft. Topics include stream function and other flow functions, the joukowski transformation, airfoil construction and pressure distribution, and thin and thick airfoil theories. Thought i already posted a clark y airfoil but must have been on another thread. It was link click here heres a few airfoils from the book flying scale models by r. According to profili, it reaches a maximum cl of over 1. The wright brothers are just two of the many hobbyists in history who followed their devotion to extraordinary achievements. The meanline, y x, is considered to produce a distribution of vorticity along the line, s. Image showing an overlay of the two airfoils, grey is the naca 2412, blue is the clarky.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Scale effect on clark y airfoil characteristics from naca. Former deputy sheriff eddy craig right to travel traffic stop script washington state law duration. The computeraided design cad files and all associated content posted to this website are created, uploaded, managed and owned by third party users. Three airfoils of aspect ratio 6 and with 4, 6, and 8 foot chords were tested at velocities between 25 and 118 miles per hour, and the characteristics were obtained for reynolds numbers based on the airfoil chord in the. The airfoil is modeled as a thin lifting meanline camber line. The related potential solutions show that the pressure distribution on the suction near the leading edge is quite unsmooth. Results for the fixed slot using a clark y airfoil are given in figure 109 and table 101 and are obtained from ref. Airfoils needed in the rotor design process can, for example, be found in work of abbott doenhoff 20, althaus 21 and selig, 22 where mainly airfoils for airplanes and gliders are described. Matthew wisnioski, virginia tech, studies in history and philosophy of science. A short history possibly the most widely used airfoil of all time, the naca 23012 combined high lift, low drag, mild pitching moments, and even a bit of laminar flow on its lower surface. Lockheed vega to orion all intermediate designs used the same section polikarpov r5. My friend is reading my favorite book, in the heart of the sea, tragedy on the whaleship essex, and i wanted to put into perspective why it was so hard for them to sail directly where they wanted to, since they did not have keelboatairfoil technology then.
The uiuc airfoil data site gives some background on the database. Every kind of airfoil has its own particular design and. I know the montgolfiers discovered the balloon, the wright did the first powered flight and so on, but who was the first to describe the airforil as a component for heavierthanair flight. They describe an airfoil by single points and each point is defined by a pair of x y coordinates. While the bottom is relatively flat, the top surface is thicker and more curved. The clark y airfoil provides a smooth stall entry, well suited for sport rmc models. You can insert this and crop it into a msword doc and size it by click on the picture and then pulling a corner to where the size is as big or as small as you need. The clark y airfoil characteristics obtained from the. Three airfoils of aspect ratio 6 and with 4, 6, and 8 foot chords were tested at velocities between 25 and 118 miles per hour, and the characteristics were obtained for reynolds numbers based on the airfoil. The results obtained are given in the form of diagrams showing the chordwise distribution of pressure on both airfoil and flap as plots of calculated aerodynamic coefficients for. The man we can thank for the clark y airfoil is in 1886 and passed away in 1948. In the 21st century the kf airfoil has found renewed interest among hobbyist builders of radiocontrolled aircraft, due to its simplicity of. Clark y is the name of a particular airfoil profile used in general purpose aircraft designs, much studied in aerodynamics over the years. What is the best airfoil for a usa part 103 ultralight.
Airfoil lowpressure surface inflow airspeed, v preswirl angle. I got the clarky airfoil coordinates through internet. Full text of cfd modelling and analysis of clark y airfoil for turbulent flow see other formats ul international journal of engineering research volume no. An attempt at matching the airfoils thickness height together. Airfoils are examples of such bodies and, at low anglesofattack their lift is significantly greater than their drag. Clark, the man who designed the clark y airfoil in his book elements of aviation an explanation of flight principles 1928 i wanted to keep this information as simple as possible, but aerodynamic study can be very complex. A biographical roster of the fiftyone members and a composite diary of their activities from all known. The airfoils are listed alphabetically by the airfoil filename which is usually close to the airfoil name. Airfoils have taken their rightful place as one of.
The airfoil can be made up from 50 or 100 points, which mean 50 to 100 coordinate pairs. Airfoil coordinates are usually given in two columns, called x and y. The first of these consist of an introduction to airfoils. We could say the clark y is a naca 4412 or real close to that. They crafted model airfoils and tested them in the wind tunnel, and recorded data carefully. According to abbott, r460 jacobs, ward 1933 pinkerton found that the thickness and pinkerton distribution of the clark y and gottingen 398 airfoils were similar, and jacobs selected a function to describe this thickness distribution.
Full text of cfd modelling and analysis of clark y. Most useful in working with wing sections and methods for u. Summary of lowspeed airfoil data is only the first in what should be a series of volumes that document the ongoing low reynolds number airfoil tests at the university of illinois at urbanachampaign. The first point is 0, which means it is zero percent of the total distance. I have used the rans kw sst model and based on my initial findings, agreement between experimental and cfd data in cl and cd is between 3 and 4% for a nasa low speed airfoil and 4 and 7% for naca 0012 over an angle of attack range of 012 degrees. Based on results shown in summary of lowspeed airfoil data vol. As a result this book will help redefine what we take the central sciences and technologies. Possibly the most widely used airfoil of all time, the naca 23012 combined high lift, low drag, mild pitching moments, and even a bit of laminar. Pic 3 while matching the thickness the clark y is rotated for the chord front to coincide. Aviation in the us army 19191939, office of air force history jan 1987.
The clark y airfoil a historical retrospective world. The klinefogleman airfoil or kf airfoil is a simple airfoil design with single or multiple steps along the length of the wing. The history of this experimental program on lowspeed airfoils is extensive. Regarding the clark y, im not that sure that all of the airfoils labeled as such really are true clark y airfoils. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. In this volume, the airfoils tested cover a broad spectrum that includes airfoils for. Here is an illustration of a clark y and starting from the leading edge we see a small radius, a circle. Since the airfoil is thin, x chord position can be used instead of s, and all angles can be approximated as small. Numerical simulation of aerodynamic lift of a clark y. Sep 25, 2009 possibly the most widely used airfoil of all time, the naca 23012 combined high lift, low drag, mild pitching moments, and even a bit of laminar flow on its lower surface. The objects further down the page are three of those real airfoils. A biographical roster of the fiftyone members and a composite diary of their activities from all known sources clarke, charles g. The last two shapes are lowdrag sections designed to have laminar flow over 60 to 70 percent of chord on both the upper and lower surface. The purpose of the book is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of airfoil geometry and how that geometry affects the aerodynamics of an airfoil and the characteristics of an airplane using that airfoil.